CLASS 10 HISTORY CH 1 extra questions and answers | Nationalism in Europe extra questions and answers |

Nationalism in Europe is the first and most important chapter of class 10 in history. in this article, we will provide you with CLASS 10 HISTORY CH 1 extra questions and answers. you will be able to practice and score good marks with our history ch 1 notes of class 10 NCERT.

CLASS 10 HISTORY CH 1 extra questions and answers solved

Short Questions:

What does Frédéric Sorrieu’s print (Fig. 1) depict in terms of his utopian vision?

• The print portrays people from different ages, social classes, and nations marching together in a procession.
• They pay homage to the Statue of Liberty, which symbolizes Enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man.
• Absolutist institutions are depicted as shattered on the earth in the foreground.
• The vision includes distinct nations represented by flags and national costumes.

How does Sorrieu’s print reflect the idea of fraternity among nations?

• The print shows Christ, saints, and angels observing the scene from the heavens, symbolizing fraternity among different nations.
• This imagery underscores the idea of shared values and unity among diverse nations.

Long Question:

Explain the significance of Frédéric Sorrieu’s print (Fig. 1) in depicting a utopian vision and its relation to the rise of nationalism in Europe during the 19th century.

Frédéric Sorrieu’s print (Fig. 1) vividly illustrates a utopian vision of a world characterized by democratic and social Republics, marked by several key features:

1. Inclusive Representation: The print showcases a diverse group of people, including men, women, and individuals from various social classes. This inclusivity reflects the dream of a society where everyone is equal and contributes to the idea of fraternity.
2. Homage to Liberty: The procession of people pays homage to the Statue of Liberty, an embodiment of Enlightenment ideals. The torch and Charter of the Rights of Man symbolize individual rights, freedom, and the rule of law.
3. Shattered Absolutist Symbols: The broken symbols of absolutist institutions on the ground signify the overthrow of oppressive monarchies and the end of autocratic rule, aligning with the themes of democracy and social republics.
4. Distinct Nations: Different nations are represented through their flags and national costumes, emphasizing diversity. This also illustrates the emergence of national identities as people unite under common symbols.
5. Fraternity and Unity: The presence of Christ, saints, and angels in the heavens above symbolizes brotherhood among nations, highlighting the idea of shared values and interconnectedness.

In essence, Sorrieu’s print encapsulates a utopian vision that aligns with the core principles of nationalism, emphasizing freedom, equality, and the formation of distinct nation-states. It visually encapsulates the transformative period of the 19th century when these ideals sparked revolutions, upheavals, and the eventual rise of nation-states across Europe.

SHORT QUESTIONS ON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

The French Revolution is a very important part of this chapter. here are good questions related to it.

Question: How did nationalism begin to show during the French Revolution in 1789?

Answer:

The French Revolution in 1789 marked the beginning of nationalism. Before, France was ruled by a king, and it had different parts. But the revolution changed things.

Question: What changes did the French Revolution bring about in terms of national identity?

Answer:

The revolution shifted power from the king to the people. The idea was that the nation would be shaped by the citizens, not the king. This was a big shift.

Question: How did the revolutionaries work to create a sense of unity among the people?

Answer:

The revolutionaries introduced new ideas like “the fatherland” and “the citizen” to emphasize equality and common rights. They also chose a new flag with three colors to symbolize a united nation.

Question: What efforts were made to standardize rules and language in France during this time?

Answer:

New rules applied to everyone across France to ensure equal treatment under the law. People were encouraged to use French, like in Paris, to make the language the same all over the country.

Question: How did the French revolutionaries view their role on an international scale?

Answer:

The revolutionaries believed it was their duty to help other European countries become nations too. They wanted to free them from rulers who had too much power.

Question: How did the revolutionary ideas spread beyond France’s borders?

Answer:

News of the French Revolution led to the formation of Jacobin clubs in other European cities. These clubs helped to spread revolutionary ideas. French armies, carrying the idea of nationalism, went to countries like Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy.

Question: In summary, what did the French Revolution achieve in terms of nationalism?

Answer:

The French Revolution shifted power from the king to the people, promoting the idea that citizens shaped the nation. The revolutionaries worked to create unity through new concepts, flags, and rules. They also carried their ideas to other countries through Jacobin clubs and armies. This marked the beginning of nationalism’s influence beyond national borders.

long question on the French Revolution

Question: How did the French Revolution of 1789 contribute to the emergence of nationalism, and what measures and ideas did the revolutionaries employ to foster a sense of collective identity and unity among the people of France?

Answer:

The French Revolution of 1789 played a significant role in the birth of nationalism and introduced various strategies to cultivate a shared identity and unity among the people of France.

To establish a sense of unity and collective identity, the revolutionaries adopted several measures:

1. New Concepts: The revolutionaries introduced the notions of “la patrie” (the fatherland) and “le citoyen” (the citizen). These concepts emphasized the equality of rights and the idea that everyone in the nation was part of a united community.
2. Symbolism: A new flag, the tricolor – made up of red, white, and blue – was chosen to replace the former royal standard. This flag became a symbol of the United Nation and its revolutionary ideals.
3. Inclusive Representation: The Estates General, elected by active citizens, was renamed the National Assembly. This shift signified the collective representation of the citizens and their role in shaping the nation’s destiny.
4. Shared Experiences: New hymns were composed, oaths were taken, and martyrs were commemorated, all in the name of the nation. These actions aimed to foster a shared historical experience and a sense of belonging among the people.
5. Centralization and Uniformity: A centralized administrative system was established, along with uniform laws applicable to all citizens within the nation’s territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished, and a standardized system of weights and measures was adopted.
6. Common Language: Regional dialects were discouraged, and the French language, as spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation. This linguistic uniformity further contributed to a sense of unity.
7. International Mission: The revolutionaries believed that the destiny of the French nation was to help liberate other European peoples from despotism. This sentiment highlighted their aspiration to spread revolutionary ideals beyond their borders.

QUESTIONS ON NAPOLEON AND CIVIL CODE

Here you will find questions related to Napoleon and the civil code.

Question: How did Napoleon’s reforms influence the territories he controlled, and what effects did they have on society?

Answer:

1. Introduction of Reforms: Napoleon extended his control over a large area and introduced reforms like those used in France.
2. Civil Code of 1804: This was known as the Napoleonic Code. It treated everyone equally under the law and protected property rights.
3. Spread of Reforms: The Napoleonic Code was applied in places under French control, such as Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany.
4. Positive Changes: Feudal systems were removed, and peasants were freed from unfair obligations. Guild restrictions in cities were also lifted.
5. Economic Improvements: Transportation and communication systems were made better, helping businesses and trade.
6. Benefits for People: Peasants, workers, and new businessmen enjoyed more freedom due to these changes.

Question: How did Napoleon’s reforms contribute to the growth of nationalism?

Answer:

1. Uniform Laws and Standards: Napoleon made laws, weights, and measures the same across his territories.
2. Common National Currency: Everyone using the same currency helped trade and business between regions.
3. Shared Identity: People saw the advantages of a unified system, which created a sense of togetherness and cooperation.
4. Economic Integration: Businesses and individuals operated under similar rules, promoting a shared understanding beyond local differences.

Question: How did the local populations in conquered areas react to French rule and Napoleon’s reforms?

Answer:

1. Initial Welcoming: At first, many places like Holland, Switzerland, and some cities saw French armies as liberators bringing freedom.
2. Changing Sentiments: Over time, the optimism faded as the expected political freedom did not come true.
3. Challenges and Discontent: Increased taxes, censorship, and forced army conscription for conquering other regions caused unhappiness.
4. Hostility and Resentment: The mixed reactions turned into hostility and resentment towards French rule due to the harsh realities faced.

Question: What were the key features and significance of the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code?

Answer:

1. Introduction of the Code: The Civil Code of 1804, known as the Napoleonic Code, was a set of laws introduced by Napoleon.
2. Equal Rights: The code aimed to establish equality before the law, eliminating privileges based on birth.
3. Property Protection: It ensured the right to property for all citizens, safeguarding ownership rights.
4. Application to Conquered Territories: The code was extended to regions under French control, like Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany.
5. Feudal System Abolishment: The code led to the removal of feudal systems, freeing peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
6. Urban Reforms: Guild restrictions in cities were done away with, providing more freedom to artisans and workers.
7. Legal Consistency: The code provided uniform laws, fostering consistency in legal matters across different territories.
8. Foundation of Legal Systems: The Napoleonic Code formed the basis for legal systems in many European countries, impacting law and justice for years.

Question: How did the Napoleonic Code influence society and legal systems in the areas under French control?

Answer:

1. Equality and Property: The code promoted equality and protected property rights, benefiting all citizens equally.
2. Peasant Freedom: It abolished serfdom and feudal obligations, granting peasants greater freedom and autonomy.
3. Urban Opportunities: The removal of guild restrictions gave artisans and workers more opportunities in cities.
4. Consistent Laws: Uniform laws across regions improved legal consistency and helped in smoother administration.
5. Legacy: The Napoleonic Code’s principles influenced legal systems in many countries, leaving a lasting impact on law and justice.

history ch-1 notes on aristocracy and the new middle class

Here you will find notes related to the aristocracy and the new middle class.

Question: How did the emergence of a landed aristocracy and the growth of industrialization shape the social and economic landscape in Europe?

Answer:

1. Landed Aristocracy: The dominant class in Europe was the landed aristocracy, united by a common lifestyle despite regional differences. They owned both country estates and townhouses and used French for diplomacy and high-society interactions.
2. Numerical Size: The aristocracy was powerful but made up of a small group. The majority of the population consisted of peasants, who were the bulk of society.
3. Landholding Patterns: In Western Europe, tenant farming and small land ownership were common, while in Eastern and Central Europe, vast estates were worked by serfs.
4. Industrialization and New Classes: Industrial production and trade led to the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes based on market activities. These new classes included workers, industrialists, businessmen, and professionals.

Question: How did liberalism and nationalism become interconnected during the 19th century in Europe?

Answer:

1. Liberalism and Nationalism Link: Ideas of national unity were closely tied to the concept of liberalism in 19th-century Europe.
2. Liberalism’s Meaning: Liberalism emphasized freedom, equality before the law, and government based on consent. It aimed to end autocracy and establish representative governments.
3. Role of National Unity: Nationalist sentiments and the end of aristocratic privileges gained support among educated, liberal middle classes.
4. Political Rights: Despite standing for equality, liberal movements did not immediately grant universal suffrage. Voting rights were limited to property-owning men, and women and non-propertied men demanded equal rights.
5. Economic Aspects: Liberalism also advocated economic freedom, including the movement of goods and capital without state-imposed restrictions. Emerging middle classes supported a unified economic territory for smooth trade and mobility.
6. Example of German-speaking Regions: The formation of a customs union (Zollverein) in the German states abolished tariff barriers, reduced currencies, and stimulated economic growth. This union tied economic interests to national unification and reinforced nationalist sentiments.

The Revolutionaries

Question: How did the fear of repression lead to the rise of secret societies and the involvement of Giuseppe Mazzini in post-1815 Europe?

Answer:

• Fear of Repression: After 1815, people feared repression from rulers who wanted to maintain their power.
• Secret Societies: To avoid repression, secret societies emerged in Europe. They aimed to train revolutionaries and spread ideas quietly.
• Giuseppe Mazzini: He was an Italian revolutionary born in 1807. He joined the secret society of the Carbonari.
• Exile and Underground Societies: Mazzini was exiled in 1831 for trying to start a revolution. He then founded two more secret groups: Young Italy and Young Europe.
• A United Italy: Mazzini believed nations should unite. He thought Italy, which was divided into small parts, should become one republic for true freedom.
• Model for Other Countries: His ideas inspired secret societies in other places like Germany, France, Switzerland, and Poland.
• Opposition to Monarchy: Mazzini’s vision scared conservative leaders. They saw him as a threat to their power.
• Metternich’s View: Metternich, a conservative leader, called Mazzini the “most dangerous enemy of our social order.”

THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS

Question: How did the Age of Revolutions between 1830 and 1848 witness the rise of liberalism and nationalism across Europe?

Answer:

• The emergence of Liberalism and Nationalism: During the period of 1830-1848, liberalism and nationalism gained traction and became associated with revolutions across Europe in places like Italian and German states, parts of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland, and Poland.
• The leadership of Educated Middle Class: These revolutions were led by liberal nationalists from the educated middle-class elite. This group included professors, schoolteachers, clerks, and members of the commercial middle class.
• France’s July 1830 Revolution: The first significant upheaval occurred in France in July 1830. Liberal revolutionaries overthrew the Bourbon kings and established a constitutional monarchy led by Louis Philippe. This event inspired uprisings elsewhere.
• Belgium’s Breakaway: The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels, leading to Belgium’s separation from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
• Greek War of Independence: The Greek struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire, which began in 1821, mobilized nationalist sentiments across Europe.
• Support for Greek Independence: Revolutionaries in Greece received support from fellow Greeks in exile and sympathetic Western Europeans who admired ancient Greek culture.
• Poets and Artists’ Role: Poets and artists portrayed Greece as the cradle of European civilization, rallying public opinion in favor of its fight against a Muslim empire.
• Lord Byron’s Involvement: The English poet Lord Byron raised funds and even joined the war effort, but he succumbed to fever and died in 1824 while fighting.
• Recognition of Greek Independence: The Treaty of Constantinople in 1832 formally recognized Greece as an independent nation, marking the culmination of the Greek War of Independence.

ROMANTIC IMAGINATION

Short Answer Question: How did culture contribute to the rise of nationalism in 19th-century Europe?

Answer:

Culture, including art, stories, and language, played a big role in making people feel like they belonged to a nation.

Art and Emotions: Artists and poets used emotions to create a sense of being part of a nation. They focused on feelings rather than just logic.

Folk Traditions: Folk songs, stories, and dances helped build a shared heritage. For example, the Grimm Brothers collected German folktales to show a pure German identity.

Language and Resistance: In places like Poland, language became a symbol of fighting against foreign control. People used their language for religious gatherings, even when it was banned.

Music and Symbols: Music like folk dances became symbols of national pride. In Poland, the polonaise and mazurka showed the struggle for freedom.

HUNGER HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLT

Short Answer Question: How did economic struggles and population growth lead to social unrest in 19th-century Europe?

Answer:

• Population Increase: 1830s saw more people in Europe.
• Urban Migration: Many moved to cities for jobs, leading to crowded living.
• Competition and Imports: Small producers faced competition from cheap goods from England.
• Peasant Burdens: Aristocratic areas burdened peasants with feudal dues.
• Food Shortages and Unemployment: 1848 faced food shortages, unemployment, and uprisings.
• Paris Uprising: Parisians built barricades, forced Louis Philippe to flee, and proclaimed a Republic.
• Worker Protests: Silesian weavers revolted in 1845 due to reduced wages and harsh conditions.

Long Answer Question: How did economic challenges and overpopulation contribute to social unrest and uprisings in 19th-century Europe?

Answer:

• Economic Struggles: 1830s – tough time in Europe due to money issues.
• More People: The population increased a lot in Europe during this time.
• Cities Crowded: People moved to cities for jobs, but too many in one place made living hard.
• Competition from England: English goods were cheaper, making it tough for small makers.
• Peasant Problems: Some places had aristocrats who made peasants pay heavy dues.
• Food Shortages: In 1848, not enough food, and many lost jobs.
• The uprising in Paris: People in Paris got angry, made barricades, and Louis Philippe ran away.
• New Republic: A group called the National Assembly said France is now a Republic, let everyone vote and work.
• Worker Revolt: Silesian weavers also revolted in 1845. They were paid less and lived badly.
• Violence and Plunder: The weavers marched to the contractor’s house, broke things, and took the cloth.
• Military Intervention: Things got worse, the military came, and some weavers were shot.

In short, in the 1830s, more people faced troubles in Europe. Cities were crowded, the competition was tough, and peasants had heavy dues. In 1848, there was no food and no work. People in Paris and Silesian weavers revolted, asking for change.

REVOLUTION OF THE LIBERALS

Short Answer Question: How did the revolutions of 1848 impact the push for political rights and gender equality in Europe?

Answer:

• Educated Middle-Class Revolution: 1848 had revolts by educated middle classes for constitutions and nation-states.
• Germany’s Attempt: Germany wanted a monarchy with parliament but was resisted by monarchs.
• Women’s Participation: Women participated actively, forming associations and newspapers.
• Women’s Rights Denied: Despite involvement, women were denied suffrage in the Frankfurt parliament.
• Concessions by Monarchs: Monarchs gave in to stop the cycle of revolt and repression.
• Reforms Introduced: Serfdom and bonded labor ended, and autonomy was given in Austria-Hungary and Russia.

GERMANY UNIFIED

Short Answer Question: How was Germany unified under the leadership of Prussia?

Answer:

• Failed Liberal Initiative: Middle-class Germans attempted in 1848 to unite German regions democratically but were suppressed.
• Prussian Leadership: Prussia, led by Otto von Bismarck, took charge of unification.
• Three Wars: Prussia engaged in wars with Austria, Denmark, and France over seven years.
• Prussian Victory: Prussia emerged victorious in all wars and completed unification.
• Proclamation of German Empire: On January 18, 1871, Kaiser William I was declared German Emperor in Versailles.
• The dominance of Prussian Power: Unification showed Prussian state power’s dominance, and its systems became models for Germany.

ITALY UNIFIED

Short Answer Question: How was Italy unified, and who played a significant role in the process?

Answer:

• Political Fragmentation: Italy was divided into multiple states, with Sardinia-Piedmont as the only Italian-led state.
• Mazzini’s Efforts: Giuseppe Mazzini aimed for a unified Italian Republic and formed Young Italy.
• Role of Sardinia-Piedmont: Failed revolutions led to Sardinia-Piedmont’s King Victor Emmanuel II taking the lead in unification.
• Economic and Political Motives: Ruling elites in Sardinia-Piedmont saw unification as a path to economic development and political dominance.
• Cavour’s Diplomacy: Chief Minister Cavour tactfully allied with France, defeating Austrian forces in 1859.
• Garibaldi’s Leadership: Giuseppe Garibaldi led armed volunteers and local peasants to drive out Spanish rulers from South Italy in 1860.
• Proclamation of United Italy: In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II became the king of a united Italy.
• Limited Awareness: Despite unification, much of the population remained unaware of nationalist ideology.
• Garibaldi’s Efforts: Peasant supporters of Garibaldi in southern Italy believed “La Talia” referred to Victor Emmanuel’s wife, highlighting the widespread lack of awareness.

STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN

Short Answer Question: How did Great Britain form as a nation-state, and what role did England play in this process?

Answer:

• British Formation Process: Great Britain’s nation-state model was different from sudden upheavals; it evolved through a gradual process.
• Ethnic Identities: Prior to the eighteenth century, identities in the British Isles were based on ethnic groups like English, Welsh, Scot, or Irish.
• English Dominance: As England gained wealth and power, it extended its influence over other nations in the Isles.
• English Parliament: The English parliament gained power from the monarchy in 1688, playing a crucial role in forging the nation-state.
• Act of Union (1707): England’s dominance led to the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain through an imposed union with Scotland.
• Suppressing Diversity: British identity suppressed Scotland’s distinct culture and institutions and repressed the Scottish Highlands’ Catholic clans.
• Ireland’s Fate: Ireland, divided between Catholics and Protestants, faced suppression by English-backed Protestants.
• Incorporation into the UK: After failed revolts, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK in 1801.
• Dominant English Culture: The British nation forged through the promotion of English symbols (Union Jack, anthem, language), overshadowing older nations.

VISUALISING THE NATION

Short Answer Question: How did artists in the 18th and 19th centuries represent nations, and what were some of the allegorical figures used for this purpose?

Answer:

• Personifying Nations: Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries represented nations by personifying them, using female allegorical figures.
• Purpose: These female figures served as allegories, giving a concrete form to the abstract concept of a nation.
• Allegorical Figures: In France, the allegorical figure for the nation was Marianne, with attributes like the red cap, tricolor, and cockade.
• Symbolism: Marianne symbolized unity and national identity, depicted in statues, coins, and stamps.
• German Allegory: In Germany, Germania was the allegorical figure, often portrayed with a crown of oak leaves, symbolizing heroism.

NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM

Short Answer Question: What factors contributed to the nationalist tensions in the Balkan region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Answer:

Nationalist tensions in the Balkan region were fueled by several factors:

• Geographical and Ethnic Diversity: The Balkans comprised various countries with different ethnic groups, such as Slavs, and were under Ottoman Empire control.
• Spread of Romantic Nationalism: Ideas of romantic nationalism, along with Ottoman Empire’s disintegration, intensified nationalist aspirations.
• Claims for Independence: Balkan peoples sought independence based on nationality and historical claims of past independence.
• Intense Rivalry: Balkan states were fiercely competitive, seeking more territory and power at each other’s expense.
• Big Power Rivalry: European powers like Russia, Germany, England, and Austro-Hungary vied for influence in the Balkans, leading to conflicts.
• World War I: These tensions culminated in a series of wars and eventually contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

CONCLUSION

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